LMA5395: Coronavirus Exclusion for marine and energy liability policies

Posted on by Stephen Tomlinson

Analysis of LMA5395

About LMA5395

Drafted by the Lloyd’s Market Association (LMA) and released in April 2020, LMA5395 is a coronavirus exclusion for use on marine and energy liability policies.

The LMA5395 exclusion: clause 1

Broadly, clause 1 of LMA5395 excludes loss, damage and liability arising from the transmission (actual or alleged) of:

a) COVID-19;

b) SARS-CoV-2; or

c) any mutation of variation of SARS-CoV-2; or

d) any fear or threat of a), b) or c).

By excluding loss, damage and liability arising from the transmission of COVID-19, the drafters of LMA5395 appear to have misunderstood that it is a pathogen which is transmitted, not a disease. Technically, a ‘disease’ is a condition that negatively affects an organism and the condition will only develop after the pathogen has been transmitted. Given that the virus which causes COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, has been excluded, this misunderstanding may not be material to the exclusion’s operation. But it is preferable that exclusions are consistent with science and, for disease exclusions, epidemiology.

COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 and ‘variations’?

While many of the LMA clauses released at this time were ‘Communicable Disease’ exclusions, LMA5395 is limited to COVID-19 (i.e. the disease), SARS-CoV-2 (i.e. the virus which causes COVID-19) and ‘any mutation or variation of SARS-CoV-2’. While a mutation can be understood as having derived from SARS-CoV-2, the use of the term ‘variation’ is ambiguous since the term could be applied to other coronaviruses – this may not have been intended by the drafters of LMA5395, but the words are open to interpretation and this construction would not have been possible if the word ‘variation’ had been omitted.

The reason that the word ‘variation’ is significant is that some human coronaviruses continually circulate in the human population, such as human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63). The symptoms of these human coronaviruses are generally mild, though others are more lethal –

  • Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been identified as causing 858 deaths from outbreaks in 2012, 2015 and 2018; and
  • severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as causing 774 deaths between 2002 and 2004.

Regardless of its intention, LMA5395 should be explicit about whether other coronaviruses are within the scope of its exclusion.

The LMA5395 exclusion: clause 2

Clause 2 of LMA5395 states that the exclusion extends to liability and costs to ‘identify, clean up, detoxify, remove, monitor or test for a), b) or c) above’. While this may seem straightforward, there is a distinction between:

  • a pathogen which causes a disease; and,
  • a disease, which is a condition that affects an organism.

Strictly speaking, it would not be possible to ‘clean-up’ or ‘detoxify’ a disease. Furthermore, to ‘remove’ a disease would require the organism to be physically removed from a location. However, ‘monitoring’ or ‘testing’ for a disease is feasible, since this would simply require testing persons (or other organisms) to determine if they have the disease.

Since clause 2 is likely intended to be a clarification of clause 1, the omission of ‘fear or threat’ of a), b) or c) does not appear material. Nonetheless, its omission may create some ambiguity.

The LMA5395 exclusion: clause 3

Clause 3 of LMA5395 excludes liability, loss and costs that arise out of forms of financial loss as a result of ‘any of a), b) or c) above or the fear or the threat thereof’. Clause 3 is therefore best understood as a ‘consequential loss’ exclusion.

Clause paramount

Some LMA clauses contain a ‘primacy clause’ which states that the endorsement shall apply to all extensions, additional coverages, exceptions and other coverage grants. LMA5395 does not, but the opening statement of the endorsements states that ‘this clause shall be paramount and shall override anything contained in this insurance inconsistent therewith’. This statement has an equivalent effect to the primacy clauses of other LMA disease exclusions.

JC2020-011 and JC2020-012 Communicable Disease Exclusions

Posted on by Stephen Tomlinson

Analysis of JC2020-011 and JC2020-012

About JC2020-011 and JC2020-012

Released in April 2020 by the Joint Cargo Committee (JCC), JC2020-011 and JC2020-012 are Communicable Disease Exclusions that have been drafted for Marine Cargo policies.

Clause 1: the Communicable Disease Exclusion

Broadly, clause 1 of JC2020-011 and JC2020-012 exclude loss, damage or liability that has a connection with:

  • a ‘Communicable Disease’; or
  • the fear or threat of a ‘Communicable Disease’.

Causation not required for exclusion to apply; connection only

For the exclusion in Clause 1, the words ’caused by’, ‘contributed to by’, ‘resulting from’, ‘arising out of’ and ‘in connection with’ are used. Of these, ‘in connection with’ is the broadest since it may not require a causal relationship between the Communicable Disease and the loss, damage or liability for the exclusion to apply.

Clause 1 of JC2020-011 and JC2020-012 also states that the exclusion shall apply ‘regardless of any other cause or event contributing concurrently or in any other sequence thereto’. Even if a circumstance other than Communicable Disease was proximate cause of the loss, damage or liability, the exclusion will apply if there is a ‘connection’ with Communicable Disease.

JC2020-012: sub-limited exception

Unlike JC2020-011, JC2020-012 has an exception whereby the exclusion of Clause 1 does not apply to ‘charges that would otherwise be recoverable this insurance… to complete a marine transit insured hereunder’. Cover for these charges is to be subject to sub-limits that are specified in JC2020-012. As such, separate sub-limits can be specified for:

  • each and every loss, or series of losses, arising out of one event; and,
  • an annual aggregate.

If sub-limits for such charges are specified elsewhere in the underlying policy, then no sub-limits need to be entered in JC2020-012. In such cases, it would be preferable if the sub-limits provision in JC2020-012 was deleted.

Clause 2: definition of ‘Communicable Disease’

In JC2020-011 and JC2020-012, ‘Communicable Disease’ is defined as ‘any disease which can be transmitted… from any organism to another organism’.  Requiring the disease to be transmissible between organisms does qualify the scope of the definition; food poisoning, for example, would not be excluded because it is transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water, not by a pathogen that is transmitted between organisms.

Beyond this,

  • sub-clause 2.1 inclusively identifies types of pathogens;
  • sub-clause 2.2 inclusively identifies means of transmission; and,
  • sub-clause 2.3 identifies forms of disease (i.e. bodily injury, illness, damage to human health, human welfare or property).

None of these sub-clauses, however, are essential to the operation of the endorsement.